Seats and Quotas席位和配额

Quota Notes 配额笔记

It is surprising that some people get heated about which quota is "correct".令人惊讶的是，一部分人先加热对此配额是“正确的” 。 There are a half dozen in use and, except for the most bizarre, the choice makes little difference.有6个在使用中，除了最怪异的选择，差别不大。 The number of seats effects the accuracy of proportional representation more than the quota rule does.议席数目的准确性的影响比例超过配额规则不。 Recall that 5-seat PR districts "waste" fewer votes than 3-seat districts.还记得， 5个座位的公关区“废物”少票超过3个席位的地区。 That means fewer votes go to parties which fail to win a seat, and each party's share of seats is closer to its share of votes.这意味着更少的票去各方未能赢得一个席位，每一个党的席位比例是接近的份额票。 Give the council enough seats so the quota is less than the votes for each significant faction.给予足够的席位，使安理会的配额少于选票的每个重要派别。

A fraction of a vote must be added to the Droop quota to make sure the tally does not elect (Seats+1) people.一小部分表决必须添加到下垂的配额，以确保统计不选择（一席）的人。 A fraction of a vote may be subtracted from the simple quota so the tally is sure to have enough ballots to elect [seats] people despite any rounding errors.一小部分表决可减去从简单的配额，以便计数是确保有足够的票数，选举[席位]人民尽管任何四舍五入的错误。

A ballot with few preferences marked might have all of those candidates eliminated.选票很少有优惠标志着所有这些候选人消除。 The ballot may be treated as a tie for all remaining candidates, giving each of them a fraction of its weight; or the ballot and its weight may be ignored and the quota recalculated.选票可视为并列所有剩余的候选人，让每个人的一小部分的重量;或投票，其重量可能会被忽略和配额重新计算。 The dynamic simple quota is Quota = Weights Left / Seats Left.的动态简单配额配额=重量左/座位。

A Brief History of Quotas 简史配额
Toward Inclusive Democracy 迈向包容性的民主

Plurality rule can leave a large majority of the voters unrepresented, as in the 3-way Korean election of 1987.多元化的规则可以让大多数选民任职，如在3路韩国1987年的选举。 Majority rule can leave close to half unrepresented, as is common in close, 2-way races.多数人统治可以离开任职近一半，这是共同的密切，双向的比赛。

Thomas Hare developed STV to end such failures by older rules.托马斯黑尔发展基金会还以结束这种失败的旧规则。 Hare's simple quota of ballots needed to win a seat made every vote count:黑尔的简单配额的选票需要赢得一个席位作出一切计票：
Quota = Voters / Seats.配额=选民/席位。
If there are 100 voters and 5 seats, the quota is 20 and all 100 ballots are needed to elect 5 reps.如果有100名选民和5个席位的配额是20和所有需要100票，选出5名代表。 This is called either the simple quota or the Hare quota.这就是所谓的或者简单的配额或配额的野兔。 Sometimes the last candidate eliminated is the political opposite of the last candidate elected.有时最后候选消除在政治上对立的最后的候选人当选。 Ballots then are forced to transfer to a very low preference or, if that preference is not marked, the ballot cannot be transferred, is thrown out and the last rep is elected with less than a quota.选票然后被迫转移到非常低的优惠，如果优惠未标示，选票不能转移，是抛出，最后选出的代表是不到配额。 Critics found that simple quota can under represent a majority as shown in case 1.批评者认为，简单的配额可以根据代表了大多数的情况下所示1 。

Henry Richmond Droop designed a quota to avoid under representing a majority.亨利列治文下垂设计了配额，以避免根据代表了大多数。
Quota = (Voters / Seats + 1) + 1 vote.配额= （选民/座位数+ 1 ） + 1票表决权。
(The term "+ 1 vote" avoids a tie for the last seat.) （术语“ + 1票” ，避免了并列最后的座位。 ）
This quota has been refined further by Newland and Britton and by Irwin Mann.这种配额已进一步完善纽兰德和布里顿和欧文曼。 Most jurisdictions that use STV use one of these 3 quotas.大多数法域，使用基金会还使用了其中一项3配额。 Critics point out that, unlike Hare's simple quota, they leave 1 quota of voters with no rep.批评家们指出，与兔的简单配额，他们离开1配额的选民没有重复。

The failure of Hare quota to empower the majority would lead to more serious political turmoil than the failure of Droop quota to represent a minority.失败的野兔配额授权多数将导致更严重的政治动荡的失败比下垂配额代表少数。 But Hare's failure may be unlikely and Droop's failure almost certain in a particular electorate.但黑尔的失败可能是不太可能和下垂的失败几乎可以肯定在一个特定的选民。

LERa may resolve the debate about which quota is best. LERa可以解决的辩论而配额是最好的。 It can use Droop quota for the chairperson and can use remaining voters / remaining seats to calculate the Hare quota for other seats.它可以使用下垂配额主席和可以利用剩余的选民/余下的席位计算克利配额为其他席位。 LERa then represents the majority properly while making every vote count. LERa然后代表大多数妥善同时尽一切票。 Thus LERa can get the best of both quotas.因此LERa能得到最好的两个名额。

Case 1 , an election to fill 3 seats. 案例1 ，选举，以填补3个席位。
The candidates were A, B, R , and S and 36 ballots were cast.候选人有A ， B ， R和S和36张选票投了。

Numbers of voters      12       7       9       8选民人数的7月12日9月8日
Their preferences AB     BA     RS     SR他们的偏好公司广管局遥感简

Thus 19 voters, a majority, prefer A and B while 17 prefer R and S .因此19日的选民中，大多数，喜欢A和 B ，而17喜欢R和县 。

STV 超视
The Hare quota is 36/3=12 votes to win a seat. 克利的配额是36 / 3 = 12票对赢得一个席位。
With that quota A is elected.与配额A是当选。 No one else has the required quota so the weakest, B , is eliminated.没有其他人所需的配额，以便最弱，乙，是消除。 Then R and S are elected. 则 R 和 S的当选。 Thus the majority group with 19 voters who prefer A and B get only 1 rep while the 17 who prefer R and S get 2 reps.因此，多数选民组19谁喜欢A和 B只能得到1名代表，而17谁喜欢R和走到 2名代表。
The Droop quota is approximately 36/4=9 votes.配额的下垂大约是36 / 4 = 9票。
With more than Droop quota A is elected and her 3 excess votes transfer to B who then has 10.超过下垂配额A是和她的当选票数超过3转移到 B谁再有10个。 Then S is eliminated and R and B are elected. 则 S 和 R消除和 B当选。 Thus Droop quota protects the majority's right to a majority of the reps.因此下垂配额保护大多数人的权利的多数代表。
LERa with recommended quotas LERa配额与建议
If A is the Condorcet winner. 如果是孔赢家。 Quota for the chair is approximately 36/4=9 votes.配额的椅子大约36 / 4 = 9票。 Quota for the reps is (36-9)/2=13.5.配额的代表是（ 36-9 ） / 2 = 13.5 。
Candidate A gets more than the Droop quota required for the chair and is elected, 3 votes transfer to B . 候选人获得超过所需的下垂配额主席和当选， 3票转移到 B 。 No one gets the Hare quota required for reps so S is eliminated and her ballots transfer.没有人获得兔所需的代表名额，使S是取消和她的选票转移。 Then R and B are elected. 则 R 和 B当选。
If B is the Condorcet winner, immune from elimination.如果B是孔冠军，免受消除。
With Hare quota A is elected, S is eliminated, then R is elected, and then B is elected.随着配额阿 黑尔当选， S是消除， 则 R是选举产生的，然后B的当选。

[ The center is nearly always contested by 2 or more candidates. [该中心几乎总是有争议的由2个或以上的候选人。 But in many organizations it is not divided or polarized by 2 factions.但在许多组织不分裂，或极化2派别。 The voter preferences are more likely to run;选民偏好更可能运行;

[ Even this is too simple for real life. [即使这是过于简单的现实生活。 Most groups do not have one-dimensional politics.大多数团体没有一维政治。 The AR, AS, BS, RA, SA , and SB preferences occur. 机铁，砷， 英国BS ， 亚美尼亚 ， 南非 ， 和 SB偏好发生。 Concocted examples do not include the probabilities and effects of such preferences.炮制的例子并不包括概率和影响这种优惠。 Simulations are needed for that next analytical step.]模拟所需要的，明年的分析步骤。 ]

The Condorcet winner in Case I had fewer firsts than the last candidate eliminated.冠军的孔，以供我较少第一候选人比去年淘汰。 That causes LERa to switch to LERb if there are more than 3 seats or else to STV.造成LERa切换到LERb如果有多于3个席位，否则，以超视。 The switch is needed to prevent the problem shown in Case 2.开关需要防止的问题表明在个案2 。 The majority voters gave second rank to the party leader, C , making her the Condorcet winner and chairperson.大多数选民了第二级的党领袖，丙，使她的孔冠军和主席。 She is immune from elimination even though she has no firsts.她是不受消除，即使她没有第一。 Whether by chance or conspiracy, this shuts out the large minority group.无论是出于偶然或阴谋，这关闭了大型少数民族群体。

Case 2 LERa fails, then switches to LERb or STV 案例2 LERa失败，然后切换到LERb或超视
The candidates were A, B, C , and R and 100 ballots were cast.候选人分别为： A ， B ， C和R和100票投了。

Candidates A       B       C       R候选人的B受体
Firsts              37     32       0       31第一37 32 0 31

LERa with recommended quotas LERa配额与建议
The chair's Droop quota is approximately 25 ballots.主席的下垂配额约为25选票。 The simple quota for reps is 37.5 ballots.最简单的代表名额为37.5票。 No one has the required quota so the weakest, R , is eliminated.任何人都需要配额，以便最弱，俄，是消除。 Then A, B , and C are elected. 则 A ， B 和 C当选。
STV with recommended quota 基金会还与建议配额
The Droop quota is approximately 25 ballots.配额的下垂大约25张选票。 Candidates A, B , and R are elected.考生A ， B和R的当选。
The Hare quota is approximately 33 ballots. 克利配额大约是33票。 Candidates A , is elected. 候选人 ，当选。 Four votes transfer to elect B . C is eliminated and R is elected. 4票转让选举乙 。 C是消除和R是当选。

Consider the case of a 5 seat council from an electorate with a 35% minority.考虑的情况下，安理会5席由选民以35 ％的少数人。 With almost to two-fifths of the votes they should get 2 of the 5 seats.与几乎五分之二的票，他们应该获得2 5个席位。 LERa recommends Droop quota (17%) for the chair and simple quota (21%) for the other seats. LERa建议下垂配额（ 17 ％ ）的椅子和简单的配额（ 21 ％ ）的其他席位。 They have more than the 21% + 11% minimum needed for 2 seats but less than the maximum 2 × 19%.他们已经超过了21 ％ + 11 ％的最低需要2个席位，但低于最大2 × 19 ％ 。
Under LERb with simple quota (25% for each of 4 seats) they can win only 1.根据LERb简单的配额（ 25 ％的每4个席位） ，他们能赢得唯一1 。 They would have 10% left over, less than the 13% minimum shown in the table.他们将有10 ％留下来，只有不到13 ％的最低的表所示。 A 65% majority can win the chair, 2 STV reps, and have 15% left. 65 ％的多数能够赢得椅子， 2超视代表，并有15 ％左。 The majority then wins the last seat and thus 4 of 5 seats.然后赢得多数的席位，因此去年4 5个席位。

Endnote: Some jurisdictions might not exemption the Condorcet winner from elimination but give her the advantage of a quota reduced by a gift of weight from all ballots.附注：有些国家可能不会获得豁免的孔从消除，但给她的好处是减少了配额的礼物，体重从所有选票。 In that case the candidate with the lowest percentage of her quota is eliminated.在这种情况下，候选人的比例最低的是她的配额取消。 If the first CW is eliminated, quota is reduced for the second winner.如果第一个连续被消除，配额减少的第二次获胜。