Seats and Rules席位和细则

Voters in some districts tend to be liberals (or conservatives) so some single-winner seats will be won by supporters of the largest PR party.选民在一些地区往往是自由派（或保守派） ，所以一些单冠军将获得席位的支持者最大的公关党。 It is therefore better to elect more than one-sixth of the seats by Condorcet's rule.因此，更好地选出超过六分之一的席位由孔的规则。 A 100 seat council might have 70 to 80 reps elected by list PR and 20 to 30 from single-winner districts using Condorcet's rule. 100座位安理会可能有70至80名代表当选名单公关和20日至30日从单一冠军孔区使用的规则。 A party then needs about 1.25% of the votes to win 1 PR seat, 64% for 51 seats.一方则需要约1.25 ％的选票赢得1公关席位， 64 ％的51个席位。

The most common split is half and half: 50% of the seats for reps from single-winner districts and 50% from PR party-lists.最常见的分裂是成功的一半，另一半： 50 ％的席位为代表从单一冠军地区和50 ％ ，公关党名单。 But the districts use plurality rule and so elect reps from major off-center parties that routinely refuse to work with each other.但多数地区使用的规则和选举代表由主要偏离中心各方经常拒绝彼此合作。 Using Condorcet's rule to fill half of the seats might give too much weight to the center.用孔的规则，以填补一半的席位可能会过于重视的中心。

Voting rules must be adapted to organizational cultures.投票规则必须适应组织文化。 Small councils have to make tradeoffs, deciding which qualities are most needed: electoral competition, minority representation, or policy moderation.小安理会必须作出取舍，决定哪些是最需要的素质：选举竞争，少数民族代表，或政策温和。

In deciding the voting rule and number of seats for a council, consider the shares of votes for current interest groups.在决定投票规则和议席数目为理事会，审议表决的股份为目前利益集团。 A group with 17% of the population could more likely win 1 of 5 PR seats than 1 of 4. A组有17 ％的人口能够更容易获得1个席位的5公关4比1 。 So that district might elect a council of 5 by LERa rather than by LERb.因此，该地区可能会选出安理会5个由LERa而不是由LERb 。 (Better yet, expand the council.) The framers of a charter or constitution may find simulations of current factional voting and a variety of rules helpful in finding the best rule for their needs. （更重要的是，扩大安理会。 ）制定的章程或宪法可能会发现模拟当前派系投票和各种规则有助于找到最好的规则，他们的需求。

For LER to work well, there must be as many neutral voters as the difference in size between the polarized factions.路由器的工作为好，必须有许多中间选民的差异大小派别之间的两极分化。 LER can help only a little in a jurisdiction so unevenly polarized that the median voter is in 1 pole.路由器可以帮助很少在一个如此不均衡的两极化管辖的中间选民是在1点。 In that case, the most LER can do is give the chair to a moderate member of the dominant pole.在这种情况下，大多数路由器可以做的是给主席温和成员主导极点。

A dominant majority can win control of a council under any fair election rule.主导多数能赢得控制安理会在任何公平的选举规则。 Minorities in that case need the protection of the courts.少数人在这种情况下，需要保护的法院。 Yet LER can help some: Condorcet's rule gives minority voters some say on which majority candidate becomes the chairperson and STV gives them their own voice on the council.然而，路由器可以帮助一些：孔的统治使少数族裔选民有人说上多数的候选人将成为主席，基金会还让他们发出自己的声音，就安理会。 (New voting rules for setting budgets can give minorities limited shares of spending power.) （新的投票规则制定预算可以让有限的少数股份的消费能力。 ）

To ensure the council's chairperson is central to all the voters, she should be elected directly by the voters using Condorcet's rule.确保安理会的主席是中央的所有选民，她应该由选民直接选举的选民使用孔的规则。 She should not be elected by the council.她不应该由理事会选出。 Otherwise the biggest faction of reps would elect someone near the center of their coallition.否则最大派系的代表将选举某人中心附近的coallition 。 And she should not have the power to veto legislation, only her power as a symbol and a swing vote.她不应该有权否决立法，只有她的权力作为一种象征和回旋表决。

The roles for the lone chairperson and the various reps differ significantly.中的作用的唯一的主席和各代表有很大不同。 They have different constituencies: the chair's is the whole electorate, each rep's is a narrower interest group.它们具有不同的组别：主席的是整个选民，每个代表的是一种狭隘的利益集团。 Their election rules should heed those constituencies.他们的选举规则应注意这些选区。

9 -seat councils should include 2 Condorcet-series Winners. 9个席位的议会应包括2孔系列赢家。 The first winner is the chairperson; the second competes to define the best-balanced policies -- in hopes of winning the chair next time.第一个胜利者是主席的第二次竞争来确定最佳平衡的政策-在希望赢得下一次的主席。 The 3 or 4 liberals will compete with each other for liberal voters and the 3 or 4 conservatives will do likewise.在3个或4个自由派将相互竞争的自由选民和3或4保守派也将这样做。 This also allows inter-party competition for swing PR seats.这也使政党间的竞争挥杆公关席位。

The reps may form inner (moderate) and outer (radical) rings around the center if party discipline does not force them to cluster.该代表可能形成内（中度）和外（激进）环围绕中心，如果党的纪律不强迫他们群集。 The chair may build majorities with the inner circle of moderate reps.主席可建立多数与内圈中等代表。

The LERab rule exempts 1 Condorcet winner from elimination (as in LERa) and elects a second Condorcet winner at no charge to voters' weights (as in LERb).规则的LERab免除1孔冠军由消除（如在LERa ） ，并选择了第二孔得主免费选民的重量（如LERb ） 。 LERbb would give a majority party or coalition 2 extra seats, much more than its proportional representation. LERbb将使多数党或联盟额外的2个席位，远远超过了比例代表制。 So fill only 1 seat with no charge.因此，只有1个席位填补没有收费。 LERaa with 2 Condorcet winners immune from elimination, would restrain the weights of many ballot's from electing more favored candidates. 2孔LERaa优胜者免受消除，将抑制许多投票权的由选举更青睐的候选人。 So hold only 1 candidate immune from elimination.因此，只举行1候选人不受消除。

Separate races for 7 STV seats plus 2 Condorcet winners have advantages: Shorter lists make voting easier on the STV ballot.单独的比赛为7超视席加2孔得主优点：更短的名单投票更容易作出的超视投票。 And the candidates for chair identify themselves clearly.和主席的候选人确定自己清楚。 But this system would give a majority coalition 2 extra seats, much more than its fair share of representation.但这一系统将提供额外的多数联盟2席，远远超过其公平份额的代表性。

Many groups use overlapping terms.许多团体使用重叠的条款。 They could alternate 4- and 5-seat elections.他们可以替代4 -和5个席位的选举。 Each would divide the electorate differently.每个选民将鸿沟不同。 So the winners could represent different sectors of the community.因此，获奖者可以代表社会各阶层。 The council might be more diverse than a pair of 5-seat elections.安理会可能更加多样化了对5个席位的选举。 But not as diverse as a 9-seat election.但不一样多种多样的9个席位的选举。

7 -seat councils could use LERab and 2 Condorcet winners. 7个席位的议会可以利用LERab和2孔赢家。 But they might often form a majority with the moderate STV winners -- giving too much power to the center and not forming an inclusive nor balanced majority.但他们往往可能形成多数与温和超视赢家-给予太多的权力中心，没有形成一个包容性，也没有平衡的占大多数。

Seven is the usual size for "action-taking groups" according to research cited by Mancur Olson in The Logic of Collective Action . SEVEN是通常的大小“行动，采取团体”根据研究指出在曼库尔奥尔森的集体行动的逻辑 。 These include sub-committees of corporate boards and of state and national legislatures.其中包括小组委员会，公司董事会以及州和国家立法机构。 Larger councils are often used for information gathering.放大安理会常常被用于收集信息。 For example, some councils rely on face to face communication with constituents in geographic units such as barrios or homerooms.例如，一些安理会依靠面对面沟通，三方在地理单元，如巴利奥斯或homerooms 。 For that they often use a large number of reps from single-winner districts.为，他们往往使用了大量的代表从单一得主区。 They can also elect a diverse executive council of 5 or 7 to lead the larger legislative council.他们还可以选择不同执行理事会5或7导致较大的立法会议员。

5 -seat councils are the smallest that can represent a community which has 3 kinds of issues, not only left versus right but a 3D "issue space". 5个席位的议会是最小的，可以代表一个社区有三种问题，不仅左与右，但在3D “问题空间” 。 (The second dimension is often authoritarian versus democratic.) LERa tends to elect a chairperson at the center and 4 reps near the corners of a 3D pyramid . （第二个方面往往是专制与民主的。 ） LERa倾向于选出一名主席在中心和4个代表弯道附近的三维金字塔 。 The chair may ally with 1 moderate from each side of an issue to make a balanced majority.主席可盟友1中度每一方的一个问题作出一个平衡的占大多数。 In practice, 5-seat PR districts "waste" fewer votes than 3-seat districts, that means fewer votes go to parties that fail to win a seat and each party's share of seats is much closer to its share of votes.在实践中， 5个座位的公关区“废物”少票超过3个席位的地区，这意味着更少的票去各方未能赢得一个席位和每一方的市场份额的席位是非常接近的票数份额。

3 -seat councils that use consensus may find STV the best election rule because it might represent a greater number of interest groups and range of opinions than LERa. 3个席位的议会，使用超视共识可能会发现最好的选举规则，因为它可能代表了更多的利益集团和不同的看法比LERa 。 But when a board votes on some decisions, the 2 rep majority would tend to leave out the third rep's point of view.但是，当一个董事会投票的一些决定， 2代表绝大多数倾向于离开了第三次代表的观点。

LERa is better here; its chairperson tries to center and balance each policy. LERa是更好地在这里;其主席试图中心和平衡每个政策。 She participates in the discussion, explains the option she prefers and asks the reps to move closer to it.她参加了讨论，说明了选择，她喜欢，并请代表靠拢它。 The winner is the 1 who moves closest to the chair's balanced view.获胜者是谁动作1最接近主席的均衡的观点。 This is not a 1-sided victory.这不是一个1一边倒的胜利。 It gives only slightly more to 1 side than to the other.它使更多的仅略超过1一方的其他。 A chairperson who makes bad compromises may be replaced at the next election.阿让主席谁坏的妥协可能是取代在下届选举。

When reps are chosen for their philosophies and not for specific skills, the council may need to rely on a skilled and impartial staff.当代表，是他们选择的哲学，而不是具体的技能，安理会可能需要依靠熟练的和公正的工作人员。

(Some LERa simulations end with a fringe candidate and the Condorcet winner, who may not be eliminated, competing for the last seat. The fringe candidate is eliminated and her supporters' weights transfer to the center. If the last candidate eliminated has more votes than the Condorcet winner, LORa suggests changing the rule to LERb. Rare LER or STV simulations show some weights transferring even farther, all the way from 1 side to the other.) （有些LERa模拟在结尾加上一个边缘候选人和孔赢家，谁可能不会被淘汰，争夺最后席位。边缘的候选人被取消和她的支持者的重量转移到中心。如果消除了最后的候选人更多的选票比冠军的孔，劳拉建议改变规则LERb 。稀土路由器或超视仿真结果表明一些重量转移甚至更远，所有从1面，其他。 ）

 5     7  Seats 7月5日座位 
		
 100 100 Voters 100 100选民 
  16.67  12.5 Droop quota for chair 16.67 5月12日下垂配额主席 
  83.33  87.5 Votes left for reps 83.33 87.5票数留给代表 
  20.83  14.58 Hare quota for reps 20.83 14.58兔配额代表 
		
  68  63 Majority ballots 68 63多数选票 
  32  37 minority ballots 32 37少数选票 
		
 20.83 29.17 minority ballots used for 1 [2] reps 20.83 29.17少数选票用于1 [ 2 ]代表 
  11.17  7.83 minority votes left 11月17日7.83少数票左 
		
  58.33 56.25 Majority ballots for chair + 2 [3] reps 58.33 56.25多数选票主席+ 2 [ 3 ]代表 
   9.67  6.75 Majority votes left 9.67 6.75多数票左 
		
 TRUE TRUE minority wins last seat.真真实少数赢得最后的座位。 

Here is a decision tree for selecting voting and quota rules.这里是一个决策树选择投票和配额规则。

I) How many people will be elected ?一）有多少人将当选？
A) Single-Winner Election: Pick a chairperson or president. a ）单胜利者选举：选择一个主席或主席。
B) Multi-Winner Election: Fill a sub-committee or legislature. b ）多胜利者选举：填补一个小组委员会或立法。
(Rules for setting policies, budgets, and projects are explained on later web pages.) （规则的制定政策，预算，和项目的解释后的网页。 ）

A) Select a chairperson, mayor, or president.甲）选择一名主席，市长，或总统。
Can the winner veto legislation ?可以赢得立法否决权？
If so, use IRV, otherwise choose a Condorcet rule:如果是这样，使用通气，否则选择孔规则：
Is strategic voting rewarded?是战略性的投票奖励？
If it is, break Condorcet ties (voting cycles) with Schulze's Beat Path, Tideman's Ranked Pairs , or IRV (see Hill ), otherwise use Borda, Dodgson or Max-min.如果是这样，打破孔关系（投票周期）与舒尔茨的禁毒之路，泰德曼的排行双 ，或通气（见山 ） ，否则使用博尔达，格森或最大最小。 The latter three are more likely to elect the “utility maximizing candidate.”后三个更有可能选出“实用最大化的候选人。 ”

B1) Fill a board of directors, sub-committee, or legislature. B1 ）填补了董事会，审核委员会，或立法。
Is this an inclusive or exclusive organization ?这是一个包容或排斥的组织？ (Recall the two views on electing reps .) （回想一下两个选举代表的意见 。 ）
If it is exclusive, use Tideman's Ranked Pairs rule for a multi-winner Condorcet Series.如果是排他性的，使用泰德曼排双规则多冠军孔系列。 If the council is inclusive, select an ensemble rule below.如果安理会具有包容性，选择一个合奏规则如下。

B2) Ensemble Rules B2 ）项合奏规则
1) Does the council have more than 9 seats ? 1 ）本局是否有超过9个席位？
If so divide voters into several voting districts and continue the key below,如果是这样划分的选民分成几个选区，继续下面的关键，
or fill 20% to 30% of seats from Condorcet districts, the rest by open-list PR.或填写20 ％至30 ％的席位由孔区，其余的开放清单公关。
2) Does the council have 9 seats ? 2 ）本局是否有9个席位？
If so use LERab defined above or fill 7 seats by STV and 2 by Condorcet.如果是这样的话使用LERab上述定义或填写7个席位的超视和2孔。
If not use LERa with Droop quota for the chairperson and simple quota for other seats.如果不使用LERa配额与下垂主席和简单的配额，其他席位。

[ Optional: B3) If LERa found the last candidate eliminated had more firsts than the chairperson did at that time: [可选： B3的）如果LERa发现消除过去候选人有更多的第一主席以外，没有在那个时候：
Does the district have more than 3 seats ?请问区有超过3个席位？
If so, use LERb and simple quota.如果是这样，使用LERb和简单的配额。
If not use STV with Droop quota.]如果不使用超视与下垂配额。 ]