Teacher's Guide to教师指南
Tabletop Tallies台式计

The purpose is to see a fair-share tally organizing voters into a multi-winner decision.  Concepts to learn include a transferable vote and a winning threshold.其目的是为了看到一个公平分享统计组织选民成一个多冠军的决定。概念学习包括让渡投票和获奖门槛。

Voting rules are frequently presented as the most abstract of concepts: as mathematical proofs or ethical polemics.  Teachers usually connect the rules to current events but not to a student's physical activity and senses.  Making logic and fairness tangible helps many students gain a feel for these tally rules.投票规则往往作为最抽象的概念：作为数学证明或伦理论战。教师通常的规则来连接目前的事件，而不是学生的身体活动和理智。决策逻辑和公平有形帮助许多学生获得这些感觉统计规则。

This workshop demonstrates three rules that use transferable votes.  It starts with the simple, one-winner rule which leads to multi-winner rules for electing a committee ansd for selecting projects .  Sections on setting budgets or enacting a policy may be included if time and attention permit.这次研讨会展示三个规则，使用转让票。它一开始就简单， 一个冠军规则导致多得主规则选出一委员会 ansd的选择项目 。章节设定预算或颁布的政策可能包括在内，如果时间和注意许可证。

Mature students can complete the workshop easily in two hours.  Younger students might do one voting rule each day for a week.成熟的学生可以轻松地完成研讨会在两个小时。年轻学生可能做一个投票规则每天一个星期。

The workshop on transferable votes is available in several styles.  The booklets are easy to print on legal-size paper then cut across, stack and fold.  They fit in the Primer .  The single sheets print on letter-size paper.讲习班的转让票有几种风格。小册子易于打印的法律，纸张然后跨越，栈和倍。它们非常适合于入门 。单表打印的信件大小的文件。

Styles:样式：	Acrobat杂技演员	MS Word用MS Word	Other其他
Dot Lists点列表
One sheet单	IRV, STV… 通气 ，基金会还...	Handout 施舍	Web 网络
Booklet小册子	IRV, STV… 通气 ，基金会还...	Booklet 小册子	Slide show 幻灯片展示
Teacher's教师	IRV, STV… 通气 ，基金会还...	Teacher 老师	Flip chart 挂图
Paragraphs段
One sheet单	IRV, STV… 通气 ，基金会还...	Class 类	Web 网络

You may download a large-font edition in Acrobat IRV STV Big.pdf , or MS Word IRV STV Big.doc .你可以下载大字体版杂技演员通气超视 Big.pdf ，或MS WORD 通气超视 Big.doc 。

You also may download a full-choice ballot , free software , and voting cards formatted in Microsoft Word 2000 or Excel .)您也可以下载完整的选择选票 ， 自由软件 ，并参加表决的卡格式化为Microsoft Word 2000或Excel中 。 ）

{Preview: After lunch we'll have a workshop on multi-winner democracy.  You will be voting for Pepperidge Farm cookies  — and you get to eat the winners! （预览：午餐后我们将有一个讲习班多得主的民主。您将投票Pepperidge农场的cookies -和你吃的优胜者！ (Pepperidge Farm cookies  come in small bags so a class can easily eat several winners:-) （ Pepperidge农场的cookie来在小塑料袋，使一类可以很容易地吃几个赢家:-)

The Tally Board 统计委员会

Crowding around a vote transfer board may limit tabletop voting to groups of a few dozen voters, with each dozen taking a turn to place their initial votes.拥挤在表决转让局可限制桌面投票组几十名选民，每十到反过来将其最初的票。

Each card must have a colorful ID label so its owner can find it quickly and transfer it himself.  This helps students get a feel for transfers.  But it should not let one voter move another's card.每卡必须有一个丰富多彩的编号的标签 ，以便其所有者可以找到它迅速和转让本人。这有助于学生感受转让。但是它不应该让一个选民移动他人的信用卡。
{The ballots or cards must be big enough for people in the back row to see which candidate's column has the fewest cards after all voters have placed their cards on the board. （票或卡必须是足够大的人在后排，看哪个候选人列具有最少卡后，所有参与投票的选民将其卡上的电路板。

{Our tent-shaped paper cards fit the columns of an accordion-folding window shade.  /\ 1" square.  -or- （我们的帐篷形纸卡适合栏手风琴折叠窗口阴影。 / \ 1 “广场。或

{You can use dowels for columns and alphabet blocks for cards.  For elections and projects, a voter slips his card over the top of a dowel and slides it down, securing it until that column wins or loses.  For agency budgets he puts each card between a pair of dowels so he can remove it quickly. （您可以使用销栏和字母块卡。选举和项目，他的选民单卡上方的销子和幻灯片下来，保证它，直到该列输赢。工程处的预算，他提出每个卡之间对销，这样他可以删除它迅速。

{The Equipment Guide suggests a variety of vote-transfer boards and has pages of cards to download.  Software from the Tool page can quickly tally these and other voting rules. （该设备指南提出了各种不同的投票转移板，并已页卡下载。软件从工具页可以快速统计这些和其他表决规则。

{Informed Choices （ 知情选择

{What would you say if a convenience store offered this choice of cookies: Honey Grams or Cinnamon Grams? （你会说，如果一家便利店提供了这种选择的Cookie ：蜂蜜克或肉桂克？ Not a very good store is it.  Would a choice of Republican Grams or Democrat Grams be more satisfying?  (It might also offer some expensive cookies in odd flavors, but that wouldn't give many people what they want.)没有一个很好的存储它。会选择民主党共和党克或克更满意？ （它也可能提供了一些昂贵的Cookie在奇数口味，但不会放弃许多人他们想要什么。 ）

Electing One Winner by IRV 选出一个胜利者的通气

{Notice that this is the quota used in runoff elections.  The finish line works best when it is just a half vote above 50% for IRV or above 25% for STV3. （请注意，这是配额使用的径流选举。终点线时效果最好，这只是一个半投票在50 ％以上的通气或以上25 ％ STV3 。

If no candidate wins half the cards plus one, the candidate with the fewest is eliminated .  (A dice or coin toss can break ties. )  A voter who supported that candidate now has to move his card to his next choice: he "transfers" his vote.  Cards are counted again and this step is repeated until...  The candidate whose cards reach the finish line wins.如果没有候选人赢得半数卡加一，候选最少是消除 。 （一颗骰子或硬币掷可以断交。 ）投票支持该候选人谁现在已经将他的信用卡，他的下一个选择：他“转让”他的票。卡计数再次重复这个步骤，直到...候选人的卡达到终点获胜。

IRV is used to elect the President of the Republic of Ireland, the Mayor of London and the Australian lower house.  It is used to elect student officers at over 20 top American universities including  Carlton, Cal Tech, Duke, Harvard, Johns Hopkins, MIT, Rice, Reed, Stanford, UC Berkeley, UC Davis, UCLA, Vassar, William & Mary, and the Universities of:  Illinois, Maryland, Washington, and Wisconsin.通气是用来选举共和国总统的爱尔兰，伦敦市长和澳大利亚众议院。它是用来选学生人员20多个美国顶尖大学包括丽嘉，加州理工学院，杜克大学，哈佛大学，约翰霍普金斯大学，麻省理工学院，水稻，芦苇，斯坦福大学，加州大学伯克利分校，加州大学戴维斯分校，加州大学洛杉矶分校，瓦萨，威廉与玛丽，和大学：伊利诺斯，马里兰，华盛顿和威斯康星州。

By organizing voters, IRV avoids "spoiler" candidates and the lesser-of-two-evils choice, costly runoffs and winners-without-mandates.组织选民，通气避免“扰流”候选人和较低的两个邪恶的选择，昂贵的径流和赢家，没有-任务。

{To show the affect of voting districts, tally the plurality winner for each dozen voters as they place their initial votes.  In homogeneous groups, students can help the demonstration if some vote the opposite of their true feelings. （要显示影响选区，统计的多元性得主为每名选民，他们将其最初的票。均质团体，学生可以帮助演示如果某些投票相反他们的真实感情。
{A better way to break ties asks someone to leave slips of paper atop each stack of cards after each round of moving votes.  If two candidates ties for last place, the one with the fewest votes in the previous round is eliminated. （一种更好的方式来断交要求某人离开缆纸之上每个堆叠卡在每一轮的移动票。如果两位候选人的最后一个关系，一个最少票上一轮被淘汰。

{Discuss Transfers （讨论转移

{If we decide to eliminate the candidates one at a time, which one should we eliminate first? （如果我们决定消除候选人时，单次，其中第一，我们应该消除？

{Say this candidate looses.  Do her voters have to lose? （候选人失去这样说。她的选民们不要失去？ Not if we let them give their votes to their next choices.如果我们不能让他们放弃自己的票对他们未来的选择。

IRV Questions通气问题

Can your second-choice vote hurt your first choice?可你的第二个选择投票伤害你的第一选择？

Is a transferred vote bigger than any other vote?  {No, they each count as one vote; the cards are all the same size.}  So does this voter have more votes than that voter?  {No.}  More power?  {No.}是转投大于任何其他投票？ （没有，但是他们都算为一票;的卡都是一样的大小。 ）因此，这是否有更多的选民票比选民？号） （更多的权力？ （号）

Would you want your ballot to support your next choice or to be thrown out?  {Is it more fair to throw those ballots out or transfer them to each voter's next choice?你想你的投票，以支持你的下一个选择，或将要抛出？ （是更加公平的选票投出或转移到每一个选民的下一个选择？

How could your group use Instant Runoff Voting?如何才能使用即时论坛径流投票？

{Please write your answers on the back of your ballot. （请填写你的答案后，您的投票。

Prove it makes a difference: ask, "Who won by plurality rule? " 证明它的确与众不同 ：问： “谁赢得了多元化的规则？ ”

A sample ballot is pictured below.  Its issues include dinner-party music, favorite videos and snack foods.  Optional topics include, group vacations, pizza toppings and ice creams.抽样投票照片下面。及其问题包括晚餐的音乐，最喜欢的视频和零食。可选的题目包括，集体休假，比萨配料和冰淇淋。

{Other voting topics: past presidents, sports stars, books, movies and movie stars (academy awards).  (We may expect a multi-winner rule to elect both men and women, to reward both "guy" movies and "chick" movies.)  The print version of Tabletop Tallies has a ranked choice ballot . （其他表决主题：过去的总统，体育明星，书籍，电影和电影星级（奥斯卡奖） 。 （我们可以指望一个多赢得选举规则男性和女性，以奖励这两个“家伙”电影和“鸡”的电影。 ）的印刷版的餐桌吻合的排名选择投票 。

{It is best to use voting on music [food] with the MMV rule because it is public if everyone must hear it.  Of course, the distraction of playing music [serving snacks] can wait until after showing the budget and Pairwise rules. （最好使用表决音乐[食品]与蓝牙影音娱乐通MMV规则，因为它是公众，如果每个人都必须听。当然，分心播放音乐[服务小吃]可以等到显示预算和成对的规则。
{Most of the issues above do not demand anonymity, so voters can place their cards openly.  But the goods are more private than public, therefore not strong examples of public issues. （大多数上述问题不要求匿名，以便选民可以将其卡公开。但是，更多的私人物品是不是公众，因此不强的例子公众的问题。

For anonymity, students may put their ballots in a box, stir them, and pull out other ballots.  The box may contain "mail-in" ballots which may make the electorate more diverse.匿名，学生可以把他们的选票在一个盒子中，搅拌，并退出其他投票。箱子可能含有“邮寄”选票可能使选民更加多样化。

{A class of 16 or less might give students their own cards plus cards to move according "mail-in" ballots.  This makes the electorate larger and more diverse so the transfers and winners are more true to life.  It also shows students how the paper ballot works toward helping a winner. （ A级16或更少可能让学生自己卡加上卡将根据“邮寄”投票。这就使得选民更大和更多样化的，因此转让和优胜者更逼真。它还表明学生如何纸选票工程对帮助赢家。

Electing a Council by STV 选举理事会的超视

{The Droop Quota to win a seat is: （的下垂配额赢得一个席位是：
Number of votes / (Number of seats + 1) + 1 vote.票数/ （议席数目+ 1 ） + 1票表决权。
Notice that this formula  applied to a one-seat election gives 50% +1.请注意，此方式适用于一个席位的选举使50 ％ 1 。

{The history and logic of important quotas or  thresholds  for winning seats are explained in "The Single Transferable Vote" by Prof. Nicolaus Tideman in the Journal of Economic Perspectives . （的历史与逻辑的重要配额或阈值赢得席位中解释“单转让票” Nicolaus的泰德曼教授在文章中经济展望 。 Winter 1995, 27-38.  This article is now available in pdf and text formats. 1995年冬天， 27-38 。本文现在可以使用PDF格式和文本格式。

{Reusing the IRV ballots may show how STV3 rewards a larger percentage of voters than a one-winner rule used {3 times can.  (51% can win all {3 seats under Bloc Vote or in {3 plurality districts.  But {75% are needed to win {3 STV seats. （回通气票数可能会显示如何STV3奖励的较大百分比的选民超过一个冠军规则使用（ 3倍可以。 （ 51 ％可以赢得所有（ 3个席位根据集团投票或在（ 3多数地区。但（ 75 ％需要赢得（ 3超视席位。

A voter may not give a card to a candidate who has crossed the finish line.  (So there are no "excess votes" to transfer.)选民可没有给出卡候选人谁跨越了终点线。 （因此没有“多余的票”转让。 ）
{If you want to transfer excess votes, you can use thin cards to represent the partial weights transferred from a winner to each voter's next choice. （如果你想转让多余的票，您可以使用薄卡代表部分重量转移到赢家每个选民的下一个选择。

The weakest candidates are eliminated one at a time and students move their votes until three candidates win!最弱的候选人被取消时，单次和学生将他们的票，直到三名候选人获胜！

STV is used in Australian {as Preference Voting} and Irish elections {as Single Transferable Vote}, in the Church of England, and at universities including Oxford, Cambridge, Berkeley, Harvard, Princeton, Vassar and Whitman.  It increases choices for voters turnout of voters , elects more women and gives each group their fair share of representatives.基金会还用于在澳大利亚的倾向投票（ ）和爱尔兰选举（作为单让渡投票） ，在英格兰教会，并在大学，包括牛津，剑桥，伯克利，哈佛，普林斯顿，瓦萨和惠特曼。它增加选择选民 投票选民 ， 选举更多的妇女 ，使每个小组的公平份额的代表。

STV Questions超视问题

Prove it makes a difference: ask, "Which items would have been elected by a plurality? Which items were elected by a minority?" 证明它的确与众不同 ：问， “哪些项目将被选出的多元化？哪些项目选出了少数人？ ”

Funding Projects by MMV 资金项目的蓝牙影音娱乐通MMV

The bylaws might say an item needs moderate support from at least 8 voters to prove it has broad public support for public funding.  Columns are therefore 8 cards tall.章程说，一个项目可能需要适度支持至少8选民来证明它有广泛的公众支持公共资金。专栏，因此8卡高。

And because every 8 cards will fill a $100 column, we hand out 8 cards for every $100 in the fund.  Those cards can fill just enough columns to use up the fund.而且因为每8卡将填补100美元的专栏中，我们的手了8卡的每100美元的基金。显卡可以填写足够栏使用了该基金。

Each voter receives a set of cards to represent his share of the funds.  You may place only one card in a column.  This prevents you from dumping all your cards in one column, so it keeps the threshold for public money at 8 moderate backers.每名选民收到了一套卡代表其份额的基金。您可能只在一卡一栏。这会阻止您倾销所有的卡在一列，所以它的门槛，使公共资金在8温和支持者。

A voter might receive two single cards and one double card to represent his [$50] share of the overall budget for projects.  His usual strategy is to put the double card vertically in his favorite column to lift that project quickly.  This way, four enthusiastic supporters can fund one low-cost project.  Enthusiasm and number of voters both count.  {Enthusiasm is limited by the size of the largest card; a number of voters is required by the height of the columns.选民可能会收到两个单卡和一个双卡代表他[ $ 50 ]份额的总预算的项目。他一贯的策略是让双卡在他最喜爱的垂直栏，取消该项目迅速。通过这种方式，四个热情支持者可以基金一个低成本项目。热情的选民人数都指望。 （热情有限的规模最大的信用卡;了一些选民的要求，高度栏。

{Arranging the voter's cards by size defines a "utility curve".  The chapter about voting for projects graphically shows this.  The software ballots let voters create or choose their own curves which can be smooth continuous functions rather than stepped functions.  The width of an item always represents its cost (eg columns); the height is its number of votes (eg single or double cards), and the area under the curve, or integral, is the money offered to an item. （安排选民证的大小确定了“实用曲线” 。本章关于投票的项目生动表明这一点。该软件让选民投票创建或选择自己的曲线，可顺利地连续函数，而不是加强职能。宽度1项目始终代表其成本（如柱） ;的高度是其票数（如单人或双人卡）和曲线下面积，或整体，是提供资金的项目。

A project is funded if supporters fill all its columns.  The "banker" removes or hides those cards.一个项目的资金如果支持者填写其所有栏。在“银行家”删除或隐藏这些卡。

The teacher removes unpopular snacks one at a time.  First we drop snacks that cost more than all visible cards.  If none is so costly, we drop the one with the lowest fraction of its columns filled.老师删除不受欢迎的小吃一次。首先，我们的成本下降小吃以上所有可见卡。如果没有这么昂贵的，我们放弃一个最低分数填补其列。

When a favorite is threatened, you may try to save it by briefly removing your cards from lower-choice items.  {You may want to omit this step because it slows the tally and rarely changes the result.当一个最喜欢的是威胁，您可能会尝试将它保存的简要删除卡低的选择项目。 （您可能想省略这一步，因为它减缓了统计，很少变化的结果。

If 1 of yours looses, move your card(s) from it to your next choice.如果你失去1 ，移动您的信用卡（县）由到您的下一个选择。

Voting ends when all remaining projects are funded fully.  (Any leftover cards would go to an emergency fund, an endowment or other politically neutral uses.)  {But leftovers may not go to tax refunds because that would lead groups advocating smaller government to try to manipulate the process to produce many leftover votes.}投票结束时，所有剩余项目的资金充分。 （任何遗留卡将前往一个紧急基金，捐赠或其他政治中立的用途。 ） （但剩菜可能不会去退税，因为这将导致更小的团体主张政府试图操作过程中产生许多剩余票。 ）

Only a few snacks can win, but all voters can win something!只有少数几个小吃可以赢，但所有选民可以赢得一些东西！

MMV Questions蓝牙影音娱乐通MMV问题

2. 2 。 Should we drop the item that has 1) the lowest percentage of its columns filled, or 2) the greatest number of empty spaces?如果我们放弃了这个项目已经1 ）中最低的百分比其列填补，或2 ）尽可能多的空白？

[ Percentage is correct. [百分比是正确的。 What is fair to both expensive and low-cost items?什么是公平，既昂贵又低成本的项目？ (If number were used, it would cause sponsors to break big projects into many low-cost items.  And should a big project supported by many people be canceled if it needs 1 more card than a low-cost project?) ] （如果使用了一些，这将导致提案国，打破了许多大型项目的低成本项目。并应一个大项目的支持，很多人被取消，如果它需要更多的卡比1的低成本项目？ ） ]

[ Students might ask, "Which is furthest from winning?" [学生可能会问“ ，这是最远的胜利？ ” When choosing which candidate to eliminate, we would like to know each item's chance of getting more support in the next few rounds of transfers.当选择哪位候选人消除，我们想知道每个项目的机会获得更多的支持，在接下来的几个回合的转移。 The past rate of support is the simplest measure.在过去的支持率是最简单的措施。 A big item that has been getting offers a fast rate, relative to its cost, has a good chance of getting more in the next few rounds of transfers.一个大项目，已获得提供了一个快速增长，相对于其成本，有一个很好的机会越来越多在接下来的几个回合的转移。 ] ]

Prove it makes a difference: ask, "Which items would have been elected by a plurality?  Which items were elected by a minority?" 证明它的确与众不同 ：问， “哪些项目将被选出的多元化？哪些项目选出了少数人？ ”

{How many moderate backers does a $2 item need? （多少温和的支持者做了2美元，项目需要？ $4? 400 ？ $6? 600 ？ $8? $ 8 ？
{8, 8, 16, 16 （ 8 ， 8 ， 16 ， 16
{How many enthused backers does a $2 item need? （多少热情的支持者做了2美元，项目需要？ $4? 400 ？ $6? 600 ？ $8? $ 8 ？
{4, 6, 6, 7 （ 4 ， 6 ， 6 ， 7
{These numbers result from the set of cards we give to each voter, not from the basic logic of MMV. （这些数字导致的一套卡，我们给每名选民，而不是从基本逻辑蓝牙影音娱乐通MMV 。

2b) Would a big contribution plus seven $0.01 contributions show real support to prove the item is a public good? 2b干扰素）是否有一个很大的贡献加上7 0.01美元的捐款表现出真正的支持，证明该项目是一个公共利益？

3. 3 。 When paying for public goods, should a person's taxes equal his or her benefits?当支付公共产品，应该一个人的平等的税收他或她的好处？ When paying to run a government, should a person's taxes equal his or her benefits?当支付运行的政府，应该一个人的平等的税收他或她的好处？ Should people who pay more taxes get more power to say how public money should be spent?谁应该支付更多的人获得更多的税收权力，说明公共资金应该花在？ to set public laws?设置公共法律？

{Does paying taxes give a person moral superiority? （是否纳税给一个人道德优越感？ Does the amount of tax paid measure moral judgment or worth?是否缴纳的税款数额衡量道德判断或价值？ How do taxes relate to setting laws that rich and poor alike should obey.  Should industry leaders control regulations which protect the general public from industrial dangers?如何制定有关税收的法律，富国和穷国都应该服从。如果行业领袖管制条例，以保护广大公众从工业危险？

{In the late 1800s, most German towns only let taxpayers vote.  They were divided into three groups, each of which paid one-third of the taxes.  The richest one-third elected one-third of the town council.  In one town, the factory owner appointed one-third of the council; his factory paid a third of the taxes so his handpicked board of directors selected another third of the council; and finally the other taxpayers elected the last third. （在19世纪后期，大多数德国城镇只有让纳税人表决。他们被分成三组，每个支付三分之一的税收。最富裕的三分之一选出三分之一的市议会。在一个镇，工厂的主人任命三分之一的理事会;他的工厂支付了三分之一的税收，以便他亲手董事会选定另外三分之一的理事会，最后选出的其他纳税人的最后三分之一。

{Conservatives want to replace public welfare with private charity.  Does that give the rich more power?  Does it give the poor less power? （保守党要取代公共福利的私人慈善机构。是否给予丰富更多的权力？是否让穷人更省电？

4. 4 。 Do you belong to an organization that could use Movable Money Votes?  {Uses for MMV are discussed in MMV Cases .)  MMV is new, try it!  Make history by showing the world a more accurate democracy.  Lead by example!你属于一个组织，可以使用移动货币选票？ （利用的蓝牙影音娱乐通MMV讨论了蓝牙影音娱乐通MMV例 。 ）蓝牙影音娱乐通MMV是新的，试试！创造历史的向世界展示一个更准确的民主。以身作则！

The introduction to voting on projects describes some merits of Fair-share Spending by MMV.导言表决项目介绍一些优点公平分享开支蓝牙影音娱乐通MMV 。

Adjusting Agency Budgets with BRV 调整机构预算BRV

Each column of an agency begins the tally from a starting line $100...每一栏的机构开始计数从起跑线 100美元... below a goal line — which may be last year's budget or one set by a Median Voter Process .  Supporters may push an agency above its goal line, but its gain will be another's loss.低于球门线 -这可能是去年的财政预算案或一组由一个中间选民过程 。支持者可能推动一个机构的目标线以上，但其涨幅将是另一项的损失。

Let's say 20 voters want to budget 4 small agencies with 1 column each plus 3 with 2 columns each.  They decide each column needs moderate support from at least 10 voters to restore its previous funding.  So a column needs 10 single cards from 10 voters to reach its goal line - or 5 double cards from enthusiastic voters can maintain funding for a small agency.比方说， 20日的选民希望预算4小机构1栏各加3 2栏每个。他们决定每列需要适度的支持，至少10的选民，以恢复其以往的资金。因此，一列需要10单卡从10选民实现其目标线-或5双卡选民热情能保持资金的一个小机构。

In this example, each voter gets 5 cards.在这个例子中，每个选民得到5张牌。
(That's because 10 columns × 10 cards each = 100 cards needed to refill all columns. （这是因为10列× 10卡每个= 100卡需要填充所有栏。
And 100 cards / 20 voters = 5 cards for each voter.) 100卡/ 20卡选民= 5的每个选民。 ）
You may get one double and four single cards.您可能会收到一个双和4个单卡。

As a voter, you should set a target budget for each agency and rank your priorities.  As a budget nears your target, its priority likely goes down, and at some point you'll want to move your cards from it to your next under-funded priority.  Reacting to other voters is the key to success!   {This makes us use cards designed slide down a column to fill in when someone removes cards below.  This is why BRV cannot use one-time paper ballots; voters must respond to each other's moves.为选民，你应该设定目标预算的每一个机构和排名您的优先事项。作为预算接近您的目标，其重点可能下降，并在某个时候你会想将您的卡到您下次不足资助的优先事项。回应其他选民是成功的关键！ （这使得我们利用卡设计滑下一栏填写当有人删除卡如下。这就是为什么BRV不能使用一次性选票;选民必须响应每其他的举动。

Voting stops when a hidden timer sounds and voters lose cards that are not on the board.  This deters people from faking votes until a last moment switch.  A two-thirds majority may reopen voting.停止投票时，一个隐藏的计时器失去声音和选民卡，没有在董事会。以防止伪造票人，直到最后一刻开关。三分之二多数可能重新投票。

{There are two basic and opposite strategies.  First, delay your vote, waiting to cast the last votes; they can't decide winners and losers but they can decide relative winners and losers.  On the other hand, elected reps will want to tell voters they cast the first votes for popular budgets — for instance, the tax-cut and deficit-reduction columns. （有两个基本与对面战略。第一，延迟您的投票，等待投下最后票;他们不能决定赢家和输家，但他们可以决定相对赢家和输家。另一方面，当选代表将要告诉选民投他们票的第一热门预算-例如，减税和赤字的减少栏。

{A more hard-headed rule lets voters push an agency down with negative cards, and push overall spending up or down.  (If the rules do not let a voter change overall spending, he must use an equal number of positive and negative cards.)  Red columns for negative cards are paired with black columns for positive cards.  An agency starts at its goal line, not below it.  If the agency's black columns are filled higher than its red columns, its funding has increased by that difference; it is "in the black". （更硬的规则让选民领导机构推动下消极卡，并推动整体开支上升或下降。 （如果规则不要让选民改变总体开支，他必须使用同等数量的积极和消极的卡。 ）红色的圆柱的负面卡搭配黑色栏积极卡。一个机构开始在其球门线，而不是下面。如果该机构的黑色栏填写高于其红色的圆柱，其资金增加了这种差别，这是“黑色” 。

{The tabletop BRV rule is not in the family of elimination rules that includes IRV, STV and MMV.  Instead, it is simplified from an Influence Point rule developed from Hylland-Zeckhauser's rule and implemented in software for this web site. （在桌上BRV规则不是在家庭中的消除规则，其中包括通气，基金会还和蓝牙影音娱乐通MMV 。相反，它是由一个简化的影响点规则从叙 - 泽克豪泽的规则和实施软件这个网站。

BRV Questions BRV问题

{Does BRV motivate sponsors to merge unpopular little agencies, each of which has less than [10] supporters?  That would let each supporter dump all his cards in the super agency's columns, in effect giving all his money to his favorite sub-agency.  "Omnibus" spending bills already are routine in American legislatures.  BRV makes each supporter more visible and therefore accountable to voters. （是否BRV激发提案合并不得人心小机构，各自有不少于[ 10 ]支持者？这将让每一个支持他的卡转储所有的超级机构的列，实际上让所有的钱，以他最喜爱的分机构。 “综合”开支法案已经在美国国会例行。 BRV使每个支持者更加明显，因此，负责选民。

{ Prove it makes a difference: ask, "Were any items increased by a majority? Which items were raised by a minority?" （ 证明它有差别 ：问： “如果任何项目增加了多数？哪些项目提出了少数人？ ”

The cards and columns can be on spreadsheets. On-line "cards" are easier to move than real cards and any number of voters fit at the "board". Tally software also makes the STV or MMV transfers easy and quick.  A voter just ranks the options once and the computer does the rest.卡片和列可对试算表。 在线 “ 卡 ” ，更容易比真正的移动卡和任何数目的选民适合于“董事会” 。 统计软件也使超视或蓝牙影音娱乐通MMV转让容易和快速。选民公正一旦队伍的选择和电脑没有休息。

Pairwise Demonstration 成对示范

The teacher can tell selected students, “You are a voter.” or “You are a voter with a proposal.” Hand each voter a piece of yellow paper to raise when voting.  Each proposal could be a piece of paper, folded as a tent, with a large letter on each side.老师可以告诉挑选学生， “你是一个选民。 ”或“你是一个选民的建议。 ”手每个选民一块黄色纸，以提高投票时。每项建议可在一张纸上，折叠作为帐篷，大信一边一国。

Compared with letting everyone vote, this may seem contrived and therefore unconvincing.  But it is faster.  It lets most students focus on the tally, not on their personal votes or who's on whose team.  And yes, it is certain to show the differences between voting rules.而让每个人都投票，这可能是人为的，因此不能令人信服的。但速度更快。它可以让大多数学生侧重于统计，而不是对他们的个人投票或谁是对的团队。是的，这是肯定会出现的分歧表决规则。

Seat IDs are column and row numbers such as: 11, 21, and 55. The gray seats are unoccupied.  The median student sits at 33.座椅ID是列和行数，如： 11 ， 21和55 。灰色的座位空着。位数学生坐在33 。
Proposal IDs or flags are upper case letters: A, B, C, and D.建议ID或国旗是大写字母： 有A ， B ， C和D

The wide appeal of B wins this single pair-wise test by four votes to three.广泛呼吁的 B赢得这个单一成对测试由四个票对3票。
Adding proposals further from the center would not affect this result.建议进一步增加从中心将不会影响到这一结果。

Accurate Democracy 准确的民主
	Electoral Systems 选举制度			Legislative Systems 立法制度
Introduction 导言 Primer 底漆 Workshop 讲习班 Teacher's guide, Print 教师的指导 ， 打印 Condorcet pairwise 孔成对 Philosophy 哲学 Quotes game 行情游戏 Goals 目标 Quotes 行情 Anti democracy 反民主 Ads versus info 广告与信息	Chair 椅子	Reps 代表	Council 理事会	Policy 政策	Projects 项目	Budgets 预算